CAESAR.ADT manual page
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Name

caesar.adt - translation of LOTOS abstract data types into C

Synopsis

caesar.adt [-cc options] [-comments] [-debug] [-depend] [-english] [-error] [-external] [-force] [-french] [-functionality] [-indent] [-infix] [-iso] [-macro] [-map] [-more command] [-numeral integer] [-prefix] [-silent] [-trace] [-verbose] [-version] [-warning] filename[.lotos]

Description

caesar.adt [Gar89c,GT93] is a compiler that translates LOTOS abstract data types into executable code. Quite often, the code generated is given as input to the caesar compiler, but it can also be used for other purpose.

Taking as input filename.lotos, which contains a LOTOS specification, optionally accompanied by filename.t, which contains hand-written C code, caesar.adt produces an output file filename.h that contains C types and functions implementing the LOTOS sorts and operations defined in filename.lotos.

Refer to the lotos manual page for a detailed description of the conventions to be followed by filename.lotos and filename.t.

Options

-cc options
Pass options to the C compiler when it is invoked. options is a list of compiler options (enclosed in quotes or double quotes). These options are appended to the compiler options, if any, contained in the $CADP_CC environment variable (see ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES below). Not a default option.

-comments
Issue a warning message for each LOTOS sort or operation which is not properly labelled by a special comment of the form (*!...*). Not a default option.

-debug      
Generate extra C code that helps to debug partial non-constructor definitions. When a C function aborts because the corresponding LOTOS operation is not completely defined by its equations, the name of the function and the actual values of its arguments are displayed. Not a default option.

-depend
Display the list of library files included (directly or transitively) in filename[.lotos] and stop. This list may be incomplete if the LOTOS specification is syntactically incorrect. Not a default option.

-english
Print messages in English. Opposite of -french. This option overrides the $CADP_LANGUAGE environment variable (see ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES below).

-error      
A file, filename.err, is generated by caesar.adt. It contains detailed error diagnostics. When it terminates, caesar.adt displays the content of this file on the screen, using the $CADP/src/com/cadp_more command, unless -error option is set.

-external
Generate a skeleton file filename.t.proto and/or a skeleton file filename.f.proto if the LOTOS specification contains sorts and/or operations declared (*! external *). These skeleton files are incomplete, but form a basis for producing filename.t and filename.f. They have to be completed manually (at the places marked "...") with an implementation in C for external sorts and constructors, and/or operations. Also, it may be necessary to modify manually the order of C type declarations in order to avoid forward references. Not a default option.

Note: if filename.t.proto and/or filename.f.proto already exist in the current directory, caesar.adt will not overwrite them, because they might have been modified manually.

-force      
Force caesar.adt to regenerate filename.h even if not necessary. Not a default option. By default caesar.adt will attempt not to regenerate filename.h if this file already exists in the current directory, and if it has been modified more recently than:
(1) the corresponding LOTOS file (filename.lotos, filename.lot, or filename.l),
(2) than any LOTOS library transitively included (using the "library" clause) in this LOTOS file,
(3) than any C file included (using the "#include" clause) in filename.h itself,
(4) than the filename.t file if this file exists in the current directory, and
(5) than the filename.f file if this file exists in the current directory.

-french
Print messages in French. Opposite of -english. This option overrides the $CADP_LANGUAGE environment variable (see ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES below). Even when this option is set, some warning and error messages related to lexical and syntactic analysis may still be displayed in English.

-functionality
Do not check functionality constraints (``exit'' and ``noexit''). Not a default option.

-indent
Do not format using the shell-script located in $CADP/src/com/cadp_indent the generated file filename.h, nor the files filename.f.proto and filename.t.proto generated by option -external. This option can be useful when the indent(1) program invoked by cadp_indent crashes with a core dump, although cadp_indent is designed to recover properly in such event. Not a default option.

-infix
Generate C code to print LOTOS binary operations in infix form when appropriate. Not a default option.

-iso      
Use the standard LOTOS semantics as defined in ISO/IEC International Standard 8807, disabling the various language enhancements mentioned in the section EXTENSIONS TO LOTOS of the lotos manual page and implemented in caesar.adt. Not a default option. Not to be used when processing LOTOS specifications generated by lnt2lotos

-macro      
Prevent LOTOS non-constructor operations to be implemented by C macro-definitions (#define): all LOTOS non-constructor operations will be implemented as C functions instead. Not a default option.

-map      
Generate filename.map which gives correspondence between sort and operation names occuring in filename.lotos and C type and function names occuring in filename.h. Not a default option.

-more command
Use command to display the error messages, instead of "$CADP/src/com/cadp_more" which is the default. command is a shell command (preferably enclosed in quotes or double quotes) containing the pathname of the chosen pager, possibly followed by a list of options. Not a default option.

-numeral integer
Specify the range of values to be used for implementing numeral sorts, i.e., all sorts S that have two constructor operations F1 : -> S and F2 : S -> S, and are thus isomorphic to natural numbers. If integer is greater than zero, the range of values will be 0...(integer-1). If integer is less than zero, the range of values will be 0...((2^(-integer))-1). With 64-bit versions of caesar.adt, the highest positive values for integer are interpreted as the negative numbers -64, -63, ..., -2, -1. By default, numeral sorts are represented using a single byte (default value of integer is 256). This option does not apply to those numeral sorts S for which filename.t defines a corresponding macro CAESAR_ADT_HASH_....

-prefix
Generate C code that prints LOTOS binary operations always in prefix form. Default option.

-silent
Execute silently. Opposite of -verbose. Default option is -verbose.

-trace      
Generate extra C code that traces all calls and returns for a selected set of C functions. This option also sets the -macro option. Not a default option.

-verbose
Print one line for each successive phase performed by caesar.adt to inform the user about the progress of activities. Opposite of -silent. Default option is -verbose.

-version
Display the current version number of the software and stop. Not a default option.

-warning
Suppress all warning messages, keeping (more severe) error messages, at the risk of leaving undetected issues in the LOTOS specification. Not a default option.

Translation Phases

The architecture of caesar.adt follows the principles exposed in Section 1 of [GT93]. The translation from LOTOS to C proceeds in several successive phases:
- syntax analysis phase
The LOTOS specification is lexically and syntactically analyzed using a scanner and a parser that have been generated by the SYNTAX tool of INRIA, which produces analyzers that emit pertinent error messages and perform, as much as possible, automatic error recovery. Incorrect LOTOS specifications are rejected; otherwise, an abstract syntax tree is built. This phase is shared with caesar

- semantic analysis phase
The static semantics constraints of the standard LOTOS definition are checked on the abstract syntax tree. This is done in several steps: binding of processes, binding of gates, binding of types, analysis of type signatures, binding of sorts, binding of variables, binding of operations, and analysis of process functionality. The LOTOS specifications not matching these constraints are rejected. This phase is also shared with caesar

- interface phase
The abstract syntax tree is traversed and its fragment that represents the abstract data types defined in the source LOTOS specification is extracted and copied into the input tree, a simpler syntax tree, which is itself specified using LOTOS abstract data types. From this point, all the forthcoming translation steps are written in LOTOS, meaning that the caesar.adt translator compiles itself (i.e., is bootstrapped).

- verification phase
The additional static semantics constraints listed in the section "RESTRICTIONS ON THE DATA PART" of the lotos manual page are checked, and the LOTOS specifications not satisfying these constraints are rejected.

- type survey phase
If a file named filename.t exists, an auxiliary C program that includes this file is generated, compiled, and executed so as to obtain information on how external LOTOS sorts are implemented in filename.t. This phase may fail if the contents of filename.t are incorrect or incomplete.

- compilation phase
The abstract sorts and operations represented in the input tree are translated into concrete types and functions, which are stored in the output tree, another syntax tree closer to imperative languages, such as C.

- optimization phase
Various transformations are applied to the output tree, so as to reduce the space taken by types and the time spent in functions.

- C translation phase
The output tree is traversed and decompiled to produce C code stored in filename.h.

- indentation phase
The shell-script cadp_indent is invoked to format the generated file filename.h unless option -indent is set.

Environment Variables

$CADP_LANGUAGE
If this variable is set, its value determines the language in which diagnostic messages will be reported. Possible values are 'english' and 'french'. Incorrect values will be ignored silently. If this variable is unset, it is given the default value 'english'.

$CADP_CC
If this variable is set, its value determines the name of the C compiler that will be invoked by caesar.adt. See file $CADP/INSTALLATION_2 for detailed information about this variable. If this variable is unset, the script-shell $CADP/src/com/cadp_cc will automatically determine the C compiler to be used by default.

$CADP_TMP
If this variable is set, its value determines the directory in which temporary files are created. If this variable is unset, it is given the default value '/tmp'.

$PAGER
If this variable is set, its value will be used by the script-shell $CADP/src/com/cadp_more to display error and warning messages.

Exit Status

When the source is erroneous, error messages are issued. Exit status is 0 if everything is alright, 1 otherwise.

Operands

filename.lotos
LOTOS specification (input)

filename.t
external C implementation for types (input)

filename.t.proto
skeleton for filename.t (output)

filename.f
external C implementation for functions (input)

filename.f.proto
skeleton for filename.f (output)

filename.h
C implementation (output)

filename.err
detailed error messages (output)

filename.map
ADT correspondence table (output)

libname.lib
user ADT library (input)

For simplicity, the standard error stream is not used; all messages are written to the standard output stream, which is made unbuffered. The file filename.err is created at the beginning of execution and removed, if empty, at the end of execution.

Files

$CADP/lib/libname.lib
predefined ADT library (input)

$CADP/src/com/cadp_cc
C compiler shell

$CADP/src/com/cadp_more
pager shell

$CADP/LICENSE
license file

$CADP_TMP/*.c
C code generated during type survey (temporary)

$CADP_TMP/*.x
binary code for type survey (temporary)

$CADP_TMP/*.tsv
results of type survey (temporary)

Bibliography

[Gar89c] Hubert Garavel. Compilation of LOTOS Abstract Data Types. In Son T. Vuong, editor, Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Formal Description Techniques (FORTE'89), Vancouver, Canada. North Holland, pages 147-162, December 1989. Available from http://cadp.inria.fr/publications/Garavel-89-c.html

[GT93] Hubert Garavel and Philippe Turlier. CAESAR.ADT : un compilateur pour les types abstraits algebriques du langage LOTOS. In Rachida Dssouli and Gregor v. Bochmann, editors, Actes du Colloque Francophone pour l'Ingenierie des Protocoles (CFIP'93), Montreal, Canada, 1993. Available from http://cadp.inria.fr/publications/Garavel-Turlier-93.html

See Also

caesar , caesar.indent , lotos lotos.open ,

Additional information is available from the CADP Web page located at http://cadp.inria.fr

Directives for installation are given in files $CADP/INSTALLATION_*.

Recent changes and improvements to this software are reported and commented in file $CADP/HISTORY.

Bugs

Please report bugs to cadp@inria.fr


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